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Nginx 使用手册

目录

  1. Nginx 简介
  2. 安装 Nginx
  3. 基本配置
  4. 常用指令
  5. 配置文件结构
  6. 常用配置示例
  7. 反向代理配置
  8. 负载均衡配置
  9. SSL/HTTPS 配置
  10. 性能优化
  11. 安全配置
  12. 日志管理
  13. 故障排除

Nginx 简介

Nginx（发音为 "engine-x"）是一个高性能的HTTP和反向代理服务器，也是一个IMAP/POP3/SMTP代理服务器。Nginx以其高并发、高性能和低资源消耗而闻名。

主要特点

  • 高并发处理能力
  • 低内存消耗
  • 反向代理功能
  • 负载均衡
  • 静态文件服务
  • SSL/TLS支持
  • 压缩和缓存

安装 Nginx

Ubuntu/Debian

sudo apt update
sudo apt install nginx

CentOS/RHEL

sudo yum install nginx
# 或者使用 dnf (CentOS 8+)
sudo dnf install nginx

macOS (使用 Homebrew)

brew install nginx

Windows

从官网下载安装包：http://nginx.org/en/download.html

基本配置

启动 Nginx

sudo systemctl start nginx
# 或者
sudo service nginx start

停止 Nginx

sudo systemctl stop nginx
# 或者
sudo service nginx stop

重启 Nginx

sudo systemctl restart nginx
# 或者
sudo service nginx restart

重新加载配置（不中断服务）

sudo nginx -s reload
# 或者
sudo systemctl reload nginx

检查配置文件语法

sudo nginx -t

设置开机自启

sudo systemctl enable nginx

常用指令

nginx -h            # 显示帮助信息
nginx -v            # 显示版本信息
nginx -V            # 显示版本和配置信息
nginx -t            # 测试配置文件语法
nginx -T            # 测试配置文件并显示
nginx -s stop       # 快速停止
nginx -s quit       # 优雅停止
nginx -s reload     # 重新加载配置
nginx -s reopen     # 重新打开日志文件

配置文件结构

Nginx 的主配置文件通常位于： - /etc/nginx/nginx.conf (Linux) - /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf (源码安装) - /usr/local/etc/nginx/nginx.conf (macOS Homebrew)

配置文件基本结构

# 全局块
worker_processes  auto;

# events块
events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}

# http块
http {
    # http全局块
    include       /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    # 日志格式
    log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                      '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                      '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    # 虚拟服务器配置
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        # 服务器全局块
        location / {
            root   /usr/share/nginx/html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

        # 错误页面
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   /usr/share/nginx/html;
        }
    }
}

常用配置示例

基本静态网站配置

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com www.example.com;
    root /var/www/html;
    index index.html index.htm;

    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }

    # 静态文件缓存
    location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|ico|css|js)$ {
        expires 1y;
        add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
    }
}

PHP 网站配置

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;
    root /var/www/html;
    index index.php index.html;

    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string;
    }

    location ~ \.php$ {
        include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
        fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php7.4-fpm.sock;
    }

    location ~ /\.ht {
        deny all;
    }
}

反向代理配置

基本反向代理

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name proxy.example.com;

    location / {
        proxy_pass http://backend_server;
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
    }
}

WebSocket 反向代理

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name ws.example.com;

    location / {
        proxy_pass http://websocket_backend;
        proxy_http_version 1.1;
        proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
        proxy_set_header Connection "upgrade";
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
    }
}

负载均衡配置

轮询（默认）

upstream backend {
    server backend1.example.com;
    server backend2.example.com;
    server backend3.example.com;
}

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;

    location / {
        proxy_pass http://backend;
    }
}

加权轮询

upstream backend {
    server backend1.example.com weight=3;
    server backend2.example.com weight=2;
    server backend3.example.com weight=1;
}

IP 哈希

upstream backend {
    ip_hash;
    server backend1.example.com;
    server backend2.example.com;
}

最少连接

upstream backend {
    least_conn;
    server backend1.example.com;
    server backend2.example.com;
}

SSL/HTTPS 配置

基本 HTTPS 配置

server {
    listen 443 ssl;
    server_name example.com;

    ssl_certificate /path/to/certificate.crt;
    ssl_certificate_key /path/to/private.key;

    ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
    ssl_ciphers ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA512:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA512:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384;
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers off;

    location / {
        root /var/www/html;
        index index.html;
    }
}

# HTTP 重定向到 HTTPS
server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;
    return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}

Let's Encrypt SSL 配置

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;
    return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}

server {
    listen 443 ssl http2;
    server_name example.com;

    ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem;

    # 其他配置...
}

性能优化

基本优化配置

# 工作进程数
worker_processes auto;

# 工作连接数
events {
    worker_connections 1024;
    use epoll;
    multi_accept on;
}

http {
    # 基本优化
    sendfile on;
    tcp_nopush on;
    tcp_nodelay on;
    keepalive_timeout 65;

    # Gzip 压缩
    gzip on;
    gzip_vary on;
    gzip_min_length 1024;
    gzip_proxied any;
    gzip_comp_level 6;
    gzip_types
        text/plain
        text/css
        text/xml
        text/javascript
        application/json
        application/javascript
        application/xml+rss
        application/atom+xml
        image/svg+xml;

    # 缓冲区优化
    client_body_buffer_size 128k;
    client_max_body_size 10m;
    client_header_buffer_size 1k;
    large_client_header_buffers 4 4k;
    output_buffers 1 32k;
    postpone_output 1460;
}

静态文件缓存

location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|ico|css|js)$ {
    expires 1y;
    add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
    access_log off;
}

安全配置

基本安全设置

server {
    # 隐藏版本号
    server_tokens off;

    # 防止点击劫持
    add_header X-Frame-Options "SAMEORIGIN" always;

    # 防止 XSS
    add_header X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block" always;

    # 防止 MIME 类型嗅探
    add_header X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff" always;

    # Content Security Policy
    add_header Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'self' http: https: data: blob: 'unsafe-inline'" always;

    # 限制请求方法
    if ($request_method !~ ^(GET|HEAD|POST)$ ) {
        return 405;
    }

    # 防止访问隐藏文件
    location ~ /\. {
        deny all;
        access_log off;
        log_not_found off;
    }
}

限制请求频率

# 限制每个 IP 的请求频率
limit_req_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=one:10m rate=1r/s;

server {
    location /login {
        limit_req zone=one burst=5;
    }
}

限制连接数

# 限制每个 IP 的连接数
limit_conn_zone $binary_remote_addr zone=addr:10m;

server {
    location /download/ {
        limit_conn addr 1;
    }
}

日志管理

自定义日志格式

http {
    log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                    '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                    '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    log_format detailed '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                        '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                        '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for" '
                        '$request_time $upstream_response_time';

    access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
}

分割日志

# 按天分割日志
map $time_iso8601 $logdate {
    '~^(?<ymd>\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2})' $ymd;
    default 'nodate';
}

access_log /var/log/nginx/access-$logdate.log main;

故障排除

常见错误及解决方案

502 Bad Gateway

# 检查后端服务是否运行
# 增加超时时间
proxy_connect_timeout 300s;
proxy_send_timeout 300s;
proxy_read_timeout 300s;

413 Request Entity Too Large

# 增加客户端最大请求体大小
client_max_body_size 100M;

403 Forbidden

# 检查文件权限
# 检查 root 路径是否正确
# 检查 index 文件是否存在

404 Not Found

# 检查文件路径
# 检查 location 配置
# 检查 try_files 配置

调试技巧

启用调试日志

error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log debug;

查看实时日志

tail -f /var/log/nginx/access.log
tail -f /var/log/nginx/error.log

测试配置

nginx -t
nginx -T

附录

常用变量

  • $remote_addr - 客户端地址
  • $remote_user - 客户端用户
  • $time_local - 本地时间
  • $request - 请求行
  • $status - 状态码
  • $http_user_agent - 用户代理
  • $http_referer - 引用页
  • $request_time - 请求处理时间

常用模块

  • ngx_http_core_module - 核心模块
  • ngx_http_access_module - 访问控制
  • ngx_http_proxy_module - 反向代理
  • ngx_http_upstream_module - 负载均衡
  • ngx_http_ssl_module - SSL 支持
  • ngx_http_gzip_module - Gzip 压缩

参考资源